Frankenstein and Lord of the Flies Essay

‘Frankenstein’ and ‘Lord of the Flies’ were written in different centuries. Analyse the similarities and discuss the differences which you have found in these texts. You should pay particular attention to characterisation, style and theme. Mary Shelley wrote ‘Frankenstein’ in the 18th Century. As there was no cinema or television available books were a widely accessible form of entertainment. Particularly fantastical texts like ‘Dracula’ and ‘Vathek’ were popular, books like these were not meant to be thought of as a portrayal of realism, this is why ‘Frankenstein’ is very unbelievable. ‘Frankenstein’ is set in a time when new science posed a threat to Christian beliefs, as society started to believe that man could be created. This all seemed very possible in the early 18th Century because Benjamin Franklin had previously invented a lightning conductor and in 1802 Galvani ran a current through a frogs legs and it produced a twitch. The thought of starting life with lightning terrified people because of the dangers it appeared to pose to endanger human life. William Golding published ‘Lord of the Flies’ in 1954, nine years after the end of the Second World War. So there were still conflicts going on between Russia and America, Golding used the idea of continuous war and portrayed it onto the island. The text concerns a group of public school boys getting trapped on an island after their plane crashes; they all have traditional upbringings and attitudes. Other books, which had previously been written such as ‘Swiss Family Robinson’ and ‘Coral Island’, featured a similar situation but with a happier ending, these types of books were all very unrealistic and fairytale like. William Golding wrote what he thought would really happen if anyone ever faced this situation. The two tribes that develop in ‘Lord of the Flies’ (Jack’s and Ralph’s) represent Hitler and the Nazi’s against the allies (America, Great Britain etc). The Italians swapped sides during the war as the Nazi’s became weaker; Sam and Eric reflect this as they join Jack’s tribe because Ralph’s is less popular. Both books have many similarities and differences between them. The main similarity is that both books are about lines of civilisation being broken revealing the darker sides of people’s characters. The boys in ‘Lord of the Flies’ are immediately, physically desolate after their plane crashes. Nobody knows where they are and there are no adults. In Shelley’s book, the character Frankenstein chooses to be isolated as his work is more important to him than anything around him. One similarity between the two books are the characters Piggy and the ‘creature’. These two characters are both judged by their appearance. Piggy is ‘†¦shorter than the fair boy and very fat’. He has ‘†¦asthma’ and ‘†¦thick spectacles’. The ‘creature’ has ‘yellow skin’ and ‘†¦straight black lips’, in both cases we can immediately tell that they are physically different. Even Frankenstein, the ‘creatures’ creator ‘†¦dreaded to behold’ him. They both become isolated and victimised because other people see them as being different; this creates a feeling of sympathy towards both characters throughout the books. They also both have no parents as Piggy’s â€Å"†¦dad’s dead, and [his] mum†, and the ‘creature’ said: â€Å"No father has watched my infant days, no mother had blessed me with smiles and caresses.† The ‘creature’ feels sadness and rejection and believes that having parents is important, this is also implicit in the case of Piggy, but the ‘creature’ has never been loved by anyone so the feeling of depression is greater. It can be argued however that, in a way the ‘creature’ has been loved as Frankenstein loved him while he was creating him. When he is brought to life the love he had previously received from Frankenstein ends. The difference between these two characters is that Piggy’s intelligence is threatening to the other boys as he has some sensible ideas that the boys do not wish to carry out. He says: â€Å"Which is better- to have rules and agree, or to hunt and kill?† The boys ignore him as they have already descended into tribalism at this point. Piggy’s intelligence is threatening because he has a very defined idea of what is right and wrong and he is a very moral person. The ‘creature’s’ intelligence is harmless as he only wishes to fit in. However, as the ‘creature’ becomes more knowledgeable he â€Å"†¦discovered what a wretched outcast† he was. He has no idea of what is right and wrong and only wants to fit in. The level of intelligence an individual has, whether it is a lot or a little can still make them isolated from others. From the start of ‘Lord of the Flies’ we can tell that Piggy wants to fit in by the way he follows Ralph. ‘Ralph disentangled himself cautiously and stole away through the branches. In a few seconds the fat boys grunts were behind him.’ He is last to put his hand up to vote for Ralph: ‘Every hand outside the choir except Piggy’s was raised immediately.’ He hesitates because although he wants to vote for Ralph he does not want to be the only one who votes for him. He wants to fit in and not be the odd one out. It is implicit that Piggy was not very popular at school as â€Å"They used to call [him] Piggy†. This is why he follows Ralph in the way he does; he desperately tries to try and make friends as he feels depressed and sad about his previous school life. He is not very attractive; this is a reflection of how people perceive him. There are not just similarities between Piggy and the ‘creature’. Frankenstein and Ralph are also similar because although they are in different situations, they both have something they want to achieve. Ralph desperately wants to be rescued from the island. He constantly tries to keep the fire going as â€Å"†¦The fire is the main thing†, because it is a signal to people to show that they are stranded. Frankenstein’s aim is to take science a step further by creating new life without using nature. They are both headstrong and both have will power to achieve what they want to. Unlike Frankenstein, Ralph sees reality as he acknowledges that if they do not try to get rescued they will die on the island. â€Å"†¦without the smoke signal we’ll die here!† Ralph is far more considerate than Frankenstein. Frankenstein does not consider the consequences of his actions and as a result of this he creates a disaster. He does not see reality as he becomes so determined to be the first person to create life. While Frankenstein is preoccupied with creating life, Ralph believes that preserving life is more important. Frankenstein can also be compared to Simon from ‘Lord of the Flies’. They are both symbolic of Christ. Simon passed ‘†¦food down to outstretched hands’ and Frankenstein stated that; ‘†¦food that I had killed, which after taking a small part, I always presented to those who had provided me.’ They are both kind and considerate and the way they give to others is much like the same way that Jesus did. Although Frankenstein has been isolated and anti social for a few years he is still amiable. Simon is surrounded by a lot of biblical images all through the book. The way that Simon appreciates the island and nature seems quite strange to the other boys. He is described as â€Å"†¦cracked† and â€Å"†¦batty†. In the same way Frankenstein gets remarks because he enjoys ‘†¦the structure of the human frame.’ and philosophy. Both Simon and Frankenstein are intransigent as they ignore any comments tackling their views. Frankenstein believes that: ‘A new species would bless me as its creator†¦ would owe their being to me.’ He wants to be worshipped and idolised for creating life like God. Simon wants to appreciate his surroundings, which God as created. Frankenstein states that; ‘No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs.’ He becomes arrogant and his ego begins to swell. He wants to totally change the way in which humans are brought to life and he becomes insatiably infatuated with this. Simon willingly accepts the beauty of nature and he sees things differently to other people, like ‘the beast’ only being a fallen pilot (this shows more clarity of thought than the other boys). Unlike Frankenstein, Simon’s character is very vague, he is simply known as ‘†¦the boy who fainted’ towards the beginning of the book. He is also described as a ‘†¦vivid little boy.’ No one really understands him as he has more maturity to understand things than the other boys, but he does not have the vocabulary to express his views and feelings. Frankenstein’s character is not constant through the book. At first he is very unorthodox, as he does not consider the views or beliefs of anyone around him. Towards the end of the book he becomes remorseful as he realises that he has created a ‘†¦demoniacal corpse.’ When Simon died the ‘†¦clouds opened and let down the rain like a waterfall.’ This is pathetic fallacy as it reflects what is happening in the story. Simon is seen as God- like, and the storm and heavy rain is like God’s anger against the savage boys’ sin. It is as if they killed the good on the island and it cannot be justified or tolerated. After he is killed the language used is very calming; there was a ‘†¦trickle of water’ and ‘†¦no noise’. This is ethereal, as if Simon’s body is being taken by angels up to heaven. The way Simon’s dead body ‘†¦moved out towards the open sea’ is very heavenly. When Simon sees the Lord of the Flies for the first time, Golding says: ‘Even if he shut his eyes, the sows head still remained like an after- image†¦They assured Simon that everything was a bad business.’ It is as if Simon is getting a vision from God; the sow’s head demonstrated how the hunting has got out of control. God is warning him that what is happening on the island cannot be accepted. After this has happened it is ironic that Simon is killed for being mistaken for ‘the beast’. The message given to him was right; the hunting on the island had become a ‘†¦bad business.’ The difference between the two books is that Frankenstein is a man of science and Simon is a man of spirit. In ‘Frankenstein’ it is science against religion, where as in ‘Lord of the Flies’ the human need to survive is put against society. Another character from ‘Lord of the Flies’ who can be compared to Frankenstein is Jack. It is clear from the start that Jack will potentially be a threat from his appearance. He has ‘†¦red hair’ which signifies a fiery temper, and red is also used for warning signs, which indicate danger. Both Jack and Frankenstein become obsessive about certain things. Frankenstein becomes obsessed with creating the ‘creature’ and Jack lets hunting become his obsession. Jack begins to bring up hunting in most conversations, he said: â€Å"All the same- in the forest. I mean when you’re hunting.† He is the first to suggest that the choir form a group called ‘the hunters’ and he is always the first to lead them out into the forest to go on a hunt he insists to the other boys that meat is important. Jack becomes excited by ‘†¦droppings that steamed’ he bends ‘†¦down to them as though he loved them.’ This is clearly not natural behaviour and these are definite signs that his obsession with hunting has gone too far. Frankenstein gets so engrossed with his work that he forgets about his family. He, like Jack, becomes disturbingly infatuated with his project as he does many inhumane things: ‘[He]†¦collected bones from charnel- houses and disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame.’ The word ‘profane’ is important because it illustrates the way he shows disrespect for religion. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ the other religion could be classed as Ralph’s tribe. Jack does not consider the welfare of these boys and he becomes so obsessed with hunting that he forgets both his morals and the fact that the boys need to be rescued. While Jack is hunting ‘The madness came into his eyes again.’ He has the urge to kill and his obsession has got so far out of control he is losing his sanity. However, these two characters are also very different because Jack has a cruel personality; he picks on the weaker boys. Piggy is usually his victim; he singles him out for the way he looks, he says, â€Å"†¦shut up fatty† and â€Å"†¦you fat slug†. He ‘†¦smacked Piggy’s head’ and he is also very sarcastic towards him: â€Å"We mustn’t let anything happen to Piggy, must we?† His character is also very fierce; this becomes apparent from the language used. The way he ‘†¦slashed’, ‘†¦slammed’ and ‘†¦snatched’ shows he is destructive. He acts like this so that the other boys become afraid of him and do not challenge his views; he feels powerful and dominant. He gains respect from the other boys by behaving like this: ‘Jack looked round for understanding and found only respect.’ He regains the power which he lost from not being voted chief by behaving in this way, and he also feels he has control over the other boys. The boys do not always agree with him, they just ‘†¦followed him obediently’ because they are afraid of him. Jack is also like the ‘creature’ because they both show their darker sides after being isolated. Jack believes he has the qualities to be leader because he can â€Å"†¦sing C sharp.† When Ralph is voted leader, Jack immediately becomes isolated, and tension occurs between them as he constantly challenges Ralph to be leader. The ‘creature’ becomes isolated because he is not socially accepted, as he looks different. His treacherous side shows as his level of intelligence increases. He begins to feel â€Å"†¦rage and revenge† towards Frankenstein, in the same way Jack feels for Ralph. The ‘creature’ says that: â€Å"I declared ever-lasting war against the species, and more than all, against him who had formed me.† The language used here is very strong; he shows feelings of hate towards Frankenstein because he enrolled him into a world of misery. Jack and the creature both develop feelings of hatred towards the ones who have ostracised them. Some of the words used to describe Jack and Frankenstein are animalistic. When Jack is hunting it is like he almost becomes an animal, he ‘†¦sniffs the air’ and comes ‘†¦trotting back.’ When Frankenstein gets angry he ‘†¦gnashed [his] teeth and ground them together.’ They do mot appear human as they are stripped of human characteristics such as conscience and morality. This suggests that they have evil natures. These evil natures can also be shown by the inhumane killings that occur in both books. ‘Lord of the Flies’ and ‘Frankenstein’ both feature violence, death and murder. In ‘Frankenstein’ the creature becomes completely demoralized like Jack and Roger, the murders they commit are brutal, but the reader is more sympathetic for the ‘creature’ because he has never been loved and however desperately he tried to find a friend he was always rejected. The boys in ‘Lord of the Flies’ have been loved and brought up in a religious manner, so they have no excuse to kill. The boys’ deconstruction of their reality mirrors the ‘creature’s’ construction of reality. This can be shown when Simon is brutally torn apart, where as the monster is pieced together. Simon can also be related to the ‘creature’ because he has a problem, which he cannot do anything about. Simon is ‘epileptic’ and the ‘creature’ is ugly and ‘†¦8 foot tall’. These are problems, which can stop them from being like other people. In ‘Frankenstein’ the style in which the book is written is totally different than that of ‘Lord of the Flies’. There are three concentric layers, one within the other. The outer layer, which is the shortest, is Robert Walton’s letters to his sister describing his voyage to the North Pole. In the next layer Frankenstein tells the story of how he created the monster and how he abandoned it in disgust. In the third layer the ‘creature’ describes the struggle he has trying to fit in. There are also multiple storytellers in ‘Frankenstein’. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ the book has a linear narrative as it reads from beginning to end, it is narrated entirely by the author. As ‘Frankenstein’ is a gothic horror book, the murders do not come as much of a surprise to the reader, where as ‘Lord of the Flies’ features innocent, young school boys committing brutal murders. So the shock value in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is greater and indeed more horrific than that in ‘Frankenstein’. The books are also both written in a way so that the reader looses track of time. Many phrases are used in the text to imply that a lot of time has passed, like ‘Two years had now nearly elapsed’ and ‘Six years had elapsed’. This reflects the insanity that develops in the characters. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ there is a system of hierarchy, as there is only one place at the top Jack and Ralph constantly fight to be the highest so that they have power over the other boys. These boys are underneath Jack and Ralph in the hierarchy so they are not as powerful they are, this is why they follow one of them. Piggy is one of the weaker boys at the bottom; this is why he is victimised. In ‘Frankenstein’ there is no system of hierarchy, everyone in the text is considered as equal. In both books there is a role reversal. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ Ralph goes from being leader to an outcast who is left to survive on his own. Jack’s hunting tribe eventually over powers Ralph’s tribe who want to be rescued. This shows the immaturity of the boys as they forget their priorities. The role reversal in ‘Frankenstein’ occurs between Frankenstein and the ‘creature’. Frankenstein has power over the ‘creature’ while he is creating him, but when he disowns him; he is left to do what he likes. He becomes more powerful than Frankenstein (and indeed any human being) because of his sheer stature and his increased level of intelligence. Frankenstein is aware of the fact that he does not have any morals as he killed innocent children. The ‘creature’ realises this: â€Å"You are my creator, but I am your master; obey!† Role reversals are used in the text to show that the goodness in a person does not always win. I have already discussed thematic issues within characterisation, but the main theme in both books is about the darkness of Man’s soul. The evil side of man, which is inherent in everybody, can be brought out in different situations. The two books show this in different ways. ‘Frankenstein’ involves an adult world confronted with many scientific changes. ‘Lord of the Flies’ shows a world entirely populated by children who struggle to survive. However, in both books the same message is delivered; the notion of ‘society’ breaks down when there is nothing to uphold it. This is explored through the themes of isolation, difference, anger, ambition and obsession. While the boys on the island are unwillingly taken out of society’ structure and the ‘creature’ is forcefully thrust into it, the result is the same- the hidden darkness of mans soul is revealed.

Intrinsic Motivation: Surefire Way to Win Over Downturn Essay

Though none opposes the fact that motivation is the real driving engine of every action, there is considerable differences among the theorists about its mechanism, especially when it comes to explore the possibility to bring out the best out in the employees of an organization, where one school of thought advocates for extrinsic motivation for instant solution and the other insists on capitalizing the long-term efficacy of intrinsic motivation. Under the present context of economic downturn, this issue is extremely important, as extrinsic motivation primarily involves money. Therefore, this paper explores the core elements of motivation and concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards from relevant literature, before coming into its own conclusion. Core of Motivation The core of motivation contains three elements like Consciousness, Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia. These three together create various mental states. Consciousness It has six major identifiable states like 1. State of awareness: When someone is aware of something (Rosenthal, 1986). 2. Qualitative states: Sensing something out of something like enjoying a meal or experiencing a pain. Such experiences are called â€Å"qualia†, and are regarded as â€Å"intrinsic, private, ineffable and nomadic features of experience, † (Dennet, 1990). 3. Phenomenal states: A state involving more than sensory qualia, covering spatial, temporal and conceptual organization of experiences about the world and the person’s inference about it. 4. What-it-is-like states: Associating a sense of experience with another. 5. Access consciousness: It’s like seeing a thing and ideating something and then deciding on something, where there may or may not be any relationship among the above-said three stages. 6. Narrative consciousness: This â€Å"stream of consciousness† contains a series of thoughts from the â€Å"perspective of an actual or merely virtual self† (Dennett, 1991). Inverted Qualia It refers to a personal package of intrinsic and intricate experiences, with which humans decipher various external signals and respond to them, where the nature of experience governs the nature of response. The difference in perception causes inverted qualia, as for example someone might like green tea and detest coffee for no unexplainable reasons. This trait has a strong connection with intrinsic motivation (Dennet, 1991) Absent Qualia The concept of absent qualia claims that functional duplicates of a creature would do the same. As for example, if Mr. X likes tea and dislikes coffee, then his absolute clone would also do the same, for which the clone would not need an intricate and intrinsic package of experiences (Dennet, 1991). This concept backs the idea of getting result through extrinsic reward – as for example, if Mr. X and Mr. Y do identical jobs under identical conditions, then if Mr. X feels satisfied with cash reward, Mr. Y would too follow the suit without a second thought! This study thus highlights two sets of hidden relationships, one, between inverted qualia and intrinsic motivation/rewards, and two, between absent qualia and extrinsic motivation/rewards. In any case, humans’ (apparently) involuntary association with rewards too has its routes in their perceptions, which maintain a master list of individual desires, and accordingly propel them to fulfill such desires. Put into an imaginary diagram, the mechanism of human mind can look somewhat like below: Mechanism of Motivation Motivating Tools From the organizational perspective, the ways and means to motivate the employees can be many. However, the common ones among them are, 1. Rewards 2. Retention 3. Morale 5. Job-enrichment 6. Reinforcement 1. Rewards System: Rewards or recognition system has a great bearing on the emotional plane of humans. † Every behavior comes out of ‘pain and gain’ principle†, says Khera (2004, p. 110). There can be many types of tangible gains like money, vacations or gifts, or they can be intangible, like recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, etc. 2. Retention: It highly motivates the employees, as â€Å"Retention is critical to the long term health and success of the company† (Heathfield, 2008). 3. Morale: The elements like praise, love and faith can charge up anyone under any circumstance. 4. Job Enrichment: It relates to the in-house grooming of the employees to become an expert in the related field. 5. Reinforcement. By all means, it is a tool to control the employee behavior (Positive, 2000), which binds the company activities together. Other Factors Related to Motivation There are three other factors that can be instrumental to keep employees motivated, and they are: Job Satisfaction, Goal-setting and Performance appraisals. They are considered to be the self-boosters of the employees, and according to Murphy (2001), belief is a thought that causes the power of subconscious to be distributed into all phases of life. Motivation and Reward System Reward systems are created to fuel the employee cooperation, effort and overall satisfaction of all members of the company Cacioppe (1999). Other researchers like Hackman (1997) Shea and Guzzo (1987) too have endorsed this view, and suggested to align rewards with group activities. The basic parameter of the formulating a reward structure, however, is expected to apply the common logic like optimizing the ability of the workforce as a whole, though in practice it might go down to an individual, especially where the work patterns are not interdependent. This situation commands a quick review of the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic Rewards Deci (1975) says that intrinsic rewards evoke a sense of personal causation – i. e. , an inward mechanism serving as the guiding engine for the action, where its elements are usually intangible and working on the plane of one’s perception, where the journey is being enjoyed over the outcome. Extrinsic Rewards Extrinsic rewards are supposed to generate perceptions of external causation (Deci, 1975) by being mostly tangible in nature – a hike in salary or status, or material gains in other forms. However, researchers like Guzzo, (1979) defies any division in the reward system and considers it a single, usable tools to tweak the frequency of desired response of the employees towards a desired direction. Researchers like Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) placed extrinsic reward as a direct link between stimulus and response, and their views include punishment as a stimulus too, besides subscribing to the power of stimulus. Reaction No matter how much Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) wanted to establish extrinsic motivation as the best motivating tool to earn competitive advantage, extrinsic motivation carries a hidden cost besides the cost involved in its implementation. Researchers like Deci and Ryan (1985) used attribution theory and suggested that humans constantly reassess the reasons for their behaviors besides others. Before that, Lepper et al. (1973) had observed that reinforcement generates two effects for the management, like gaining control over activity or fastening the process; two, the backlash effect in absence of reinforcement. The example below would explain it better: A group or an individual gets a reward of x amount of money for a period y, where x+y=m, m being the increased rate of production. Before that, the situation was y=z where production was z. Now in the absence of reinforcement and with the influence of attribution theory, the situation would stand like y-x = n, where n < z. This clearly goes against the basic reason for motivating the employees, i. e. , to enhance the profit of the organization. â€Å"Engagement occurs when an employee connects emotionally with his work,† says Paul Glen (2007), and if one checks the mechanism of motivation, one gets convinced that extrinsic motivation cannot influence the employees to connect emotionally with their work, as it is guided by absent qualia, i. e. , a momentary and involuntary chase, where emotion has no role to play. On the other hand, the intrinsic motivation is guided by inverted qualia, i.  e. , conscious chase and that clearly takes along emotion in its journey and influence the human mind in no less than six ways. Conclusion The research and discussion above clearly shows that extrinsic motivation system can be a threat in disguise for the organizations especially under the present context of economic downturn, while intrinsic motivation can be the ideal solution under the same circumstance, where it can raise emotional attachment with the organization and inspire the employees to produce more for less. References Cacioppe, R. (1999). Using team-individual reward and recognition strategies to drive organizational success. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 20(6), pp. 322-331. Deci, E. and Ryan, R. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum. Denett, D. C. (1990). Quining qualia†. In Mind and Cognition, W. Lycan (Ed. ), Oxford: Blackwell, 519-548. Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Glen, P. (2007). You Can’t Outsource Retention. Computerworld, July 16, 2007. Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Types of rewards, cognitions, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 4(1), pp. 75-86. Hackman, J. R. (1997). Why teams don’t work. In R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, & E. J. Posavac (Eds. ) Applications of theory and research on groups to social issues. New York: Plenum.

Black Swan Psychology Review Essay

The Black Swan is a psycho thriller film that narrates the demise of a young talented twenty-some year old ballerina named Nina Sayers. The story begins with the main character Nina anticipating her lead role as the Swan Queen in the upcoming new production of Swan Lake. This new version of Swan Lake as presented by the artistic director, Thomas Leroy, tells the story of a virginal girl that is trapped in the body of a White Swan. The White Swan desires to be free but only true love can break her spell. Soon as a handsome prince falls in love with the delicate White Swan and is about to announce his love for her, the White Swan’s lustful twin (the Black Swan) steals the prince away. Devastated, the White Swan kills herself, where in death she finally finds freedom from her curse. Once Nina successfully obtains the role as the Swan Queen, she is to portray both personas of the innocent and fragile White Swan, as well as the destructive and devious Black Swan. As expected Nina could easily capture the essence of the White Swan since they both share very similar personalities. Nina is a well-structured dancer and is always in control of every movement she makes, but her overall timid and fragile character cannot gain the essence of the Black Swan. The Black Swan represents a looser and sensual structure of dance that becomes difficult for Nina to embrace. With such frustration in Nina’s inability to fully grasp both characters in one dance, Nina begins to suffer from delusions, hallucinations, and amongst other irrational behaviors, all of which later contributes to her diagnosis of the borderline personality disorder. Nina’s abnormal behavior becomes more consistent as the date of the show’s premiere approaches. Her disorder develops more as she shows patterns of impulsivity with high levels of instability and anxiety. Borderline personality disorder is known to show a pervasive pattern of unstable self-image that may later lead to an erratic self-destructive behavior. Another symptom that is known to be common with this disorder is having minor to severe episodes of delusions, hallucinations, and/or certain dissociative effects. It is also noted that many people that suffer from borderline personality disorder partake in self-mutilating actions or in more extreme cases much like Nina’s, commit suicide. In the DSM-IV-TR, there are a total of nine criteria for the borderline personality disorder, of which to be characterized with this disorder you must demonstrate five characteristics. Nina Sayers demonstrated 6 criterions and if treated with the behavioral psychotherapy, in time it would have saved her from her ultimate demise. Behavioral therapy focuses on changing observable behavior with the use of learning theory-based principles. Since the development of such learning theories, therapists have been able to control anxiety type behaviors. In the case of Nina, where she is constantly scratching her shoulder under severe stress and partakes in impulsive actions by sleeping with multiple partners, behavioral therapy can model theses pathological behaviors and emphasize learning rather than point fault on herself that may even cause more distress. By decreasing the number of undesirable behaviors that Nina begins to demonstrate throughout the film, a behavioral therapist could use operant conditioning to change future behavior as a function of its previously experienced reinforcement. For the purpose of this case study, I will demonstrate that by using behavioral therapy Nina would have gained control of her impulses and stopped her from harming herself with the use of operant conditioning and even later introduce her onto Dialectical Behavior Therapy. As any therapy session should begin, Nina would first go through a behavioral assessment. Considering Nina’s shy and timid personality, a clinical interview would suit her more efficiently. It is important that Nina should feel that the therapy session is a safe and secure environment where she can talk freely about any concerns especially such deeply personal issues like hallucinations or delusions that come with the territory of those who suffer under borderline personality disorders. This clinical interview should be conducted unstructured in Nina’s case that will strengthen the relationship between the therapist and patient. Remember we want Nina to feel safe and comfortable to freely confine in her therapist of her most personal issues. Another important interview component would be the mental status exam that will try to reveal any signs of symptoms of any psychological problems. An easy observable behavior of Nina would be her low and brief responses to any one she feels inferior to. Nina rarely keeps eye contact to whoever speaks to her directly. She may even reveal delusions, specifically about Lily, another dancer in the film, whom Nina believes is out to steal her role as the Swan Queen. Nina also might share an experience of her night out with Lily where Nina engages in alcohol and drug abuse, as well as promiscuity. All of these observable behaviors may help lead to the overall diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Once diagnosed Nina will then be able to undergo the behavioral therapy process to identify her issues and resolve them through reinforcements. Behavioral therapy revolves around the idea of changing one’s observable behavior that can be controlled through stimulus or reinforcements. Nina portrays many insecurities and a lack of social skills that can be interpreted due to poor modeling by her mother. Her mother is very controlling and aggressive over Nina, which is shown in one specific scene where Nina’s mother is undressing her adult submissive daughter. Another case is where Nina develops a social avoidance towards others, only to have regular social interactions with her mother. With no subsequent positive reinforcement from other people, other than maybe her mother, Nina has become very suspicious of the intentions of those around her, which might explain why she is often alone and has no friends. A treatment approach for Nina would include the operant conditioning. By identifying the undesired behaviors (i. e. , self-mutilating), we wish to decrease in frequency and use negative reinforcement that will allow Nina to avoid an aversive state that would later decrease the likelihood of that undesired behavior. We would first want to identify the cause to her self-mutilation and attribute a particular behavior to carry on the negative reinforcement. So as Nina’s anxiety begins to escalate and begins to profusely scratch her shoulder, Nina should practice certain breathing exercises that will reduce her stress and possibly even decrease her chance of experiencing a hallucination. Self-monitoring would help to ensure that this conditioning technique is being applied and progressing. More importantly, to successfully treat this disorder it is best to use an approach that was developed for these difficult-to-treat patients with the borderline personality disorder. This therapy is known as the dialectical behavior therapy that places much emphasis on the interaction between patient and therapist. Dialectical behavior therapy uses individual therapy, group skills training, telephone contact, and therapist consultation to add more variety within this unconditional relationship. Within this course of therapy, it is organized into stages of hierarchies of targets in each stage. Stage one focuses on suicidal behavior and therapy-interfering behaviors. Nina would reveal her underlying reason for self-mutilation and delusions that interfere with her daily life. She finds herself having hallucinations of harming herself, like peeling the skin off her finger, that later advances to other behaviors such as excessive scratching on the shoulder. The delusions against Lily, the other ballerina, interfere with her ability to perform the second act of the show because she is on constant alert of what she believes Lily is going to try next to sabotage her lead role. She would need to come to terms with her behavior and find ways to eliminate them from acting out. Next, stage two in the dialectical behavior therapy deals with post-traumatic stress disorders. Here we can attribute the abusive stress Nina has to endure with her mother. Since her mother had to give up her own dreams of becoming a star ballerina due to her pregnancy, she now lives her unfinished dreams through Nina’s career. Nina’s mother keeps Nina in a submissive child-like mentality; minimize her freedom with no lock doors and a child-like room despite the fact that Nina is past twenty years of age. Such trauma makes it difficult for Nina to secure an emotional connection with another person, therefore explains why she is alone most of the time. Others easily victimize Nina, for example Thomas the director, often abuses Nina sexually to arouse her to perform the Black Swan character more vividly for the show. In this stage, Nina should learn new mechanisms of which to deal or completely bypass these situations. The last stage focuses on self-esteem and individual treatment goals. Nina will be able to work on her self-image that can lead her to accept herself for who she really is. Nina seems to have a problem with not being able to naturally satisfy her desires without conflicting with her own moral. In the case where she goes out with Lily for the night, Nina is very intrigued with how promiscuous Lily is with other men. Nina shows signs of sexual deprivation that later, on impulse, Nina engages in drug abuse that later leads to sexual interactions with multiple partners. In this stage of therapy, Nina will be able to build up her self-esteem that is constantly brought down by her mother and production director. Nina is shown submissive to both characters throughout the beginning of the film, until she has a complete psychotic meltdown and begins to act on impulse and hallucinations. As unfortunate as Nina’s death was in the end, it’s not hard to notice there were many chances for which intervention would have been great aid before matters had gotten worse. Although it is common that individuals with borderline personality disorder do not consider themselves ill-willed and seldom seek help, if Nina had, she would have been able to decrease her undesired behaviors and had found more appropriate measures of dealing with her problems.

Choose one macrovascular and microvascular complication and discuss Assignment

Choose one macrovascular and microvascular complication and discuss the best evidence based assessment & management to identify and prevent secondary complications from the disease process - Assignment Example One of the most likely microvascular complications that they are likely to develop is retinopathy commonly known as retinopathy. The complication can be easily identified in individual with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. One can use several features in easy identification of the condition. One of the common characteristics that can be easily used in the identification of the complication is the presence of small haemorrhages in the central part of the retina (Fowler, 2008). Haemorrhages in this section of the eye appear as dots. The other characteristics that can be easily used in the identification of the condition in these individuals is the presence of hard exudates in the skin. The other common attributes are the presence of small vascular dilatations that occur in the retina commonly known as microaneurysms (Fowler, 2008). The location of the small vascular dilations can help in direct identification of the complication as they are usually the first to develop. Moreover, an individ ual is most likely to have retinal oedema that indicates microvascular leakage. Hence, individual retina is most likely to be greyish in colour. The severity can be easily identified by noting individual visual capability. The management of the disease is crucial in preventing the development of the complication. One of the key things in preventing of complication is by ensuring the three take part in dietary changes (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper & Bucher, 2013). Change of diet will involve a reduction of carbohydrate intake and at the same time increase the fibre intake (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. (2007). Another way of reducing complication is ensuring the affected individuals take part in eye screening. Eyes should be regularly checked by ophthalmologist especially on a yearly basis (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. (2007). On the other hand, Nick, Marty, and Sam are likely to develop macrovascular complications. One of the common types of this complication is

Why is the church a functionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why is the church a functionalism - Essay Example This contention is the reason why I chose functionalism to analyze the church as among the institution which plays a very crucial role in the society. I believe that in employing functionalism, the function of the church would be fully understood beyond being a house of worship alone. Included is the contribution of functionalism to the understanding of human behavior. The church is considered a functionalism because it plays a function in the society which is the core essence of functionalism. Proponents of functionalism view society as a network cooperating to work together towards a common goal. As one of the essential structures of the society, the church has its own function to execute. Functionalists compare society with human body with parts and functions to perform. In the event that one part becomes diseased or dysfunctional, other parts are affected and the person may suffer from illness. The same thing would happen with the society because parts are interdependent with eac h other (Encyclopedia, 2010).

Nutrition and Metabolism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nutrition and Metabolism - Essay Example the plasma sodium concentration), is about 140 mmol/L. Sodium maintains the osmotic pressure of the extra cellular fluid and helps in retaining water in the extra cellular compartment. Along with other cations it is also majorly involved in neuromuscular irritability, acid base balance, maintenance of blood viscosity and resting membrane potential. A high plasma sodium concentration (more than 145 mmol/L) is referred to as hypernatremia. This can occur due to simple dehydration, excess sodium intake, steroid therapy and diabetic insipidus. Hyponatremia (plasma sodium concentration less than 130 mmol/L), can occur due to diuretic medication, kidney disease, excessive sweating, congestive heart failure or gastrointestinal disorder. Potassium is one of the most important intracellular cation. It is widely distributed in the body in muscle tissue, nerve tissue, blood cells and plasma. It is filtered in the glomerulus, absorbed in the proximal tubule and finally excreted by exchange for sodium in the distal tubule. Potassium influences muscular activity, cardiac function and nerve conduction process. In hyperkalemia the plasma potassium concentration exceeds 5.5 mmol/L. Acute hyperkalemia is a medical emergency. In hypokalemia the plasma potassium level will be less than 3.5 mmol/L. This can occur due to excessive loss in gastrointestinal secretions and urine, and also in renal tubular acidosis. Hyponatremia (lowered plasma [Na+]) and hypernatremia (raised plasma [Na+]) are associated with a variety of diseases and illnesses and the accurate measurement of [Na+] in body fluids is an important diagnostic aid. Potassium is the major intracellular cation. The average cell has 140 mM K+ inside but only about 10 mM Na+. K+ slowly diffuses out of cells so a membrane pump (the Na+/K+-ATPase) continually transports K+ into cells against a concentration gradient. The human body requires about 50-150 mmol/day. Hypokalemia (lowered

The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Why Has Essay

The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Why Has Structural Adjustment implemented Proved so Controversial - Essay Example This has generated intense controversies on the effectiveness of the structural adjustment policies. This paper explores the controversies surrounding the effectiveness of the structural adjustments in the developing economies. Structural adjustments are measures formulated to facilitate and accelerate economic development in the targeted economies3. According Ahmed and Lipton structural adjustment polices are intended to rectify the structural imbalance in the foreign and public balances2. The policies could be initiated internally by the country concerned or external forces such the World Bank and the international monetary fund. The structural adjustments reforms endeavour to reduce and eliminate the various financial distortions, such as over valued exchange rate, huge monetary deficits and to restrict inefficient public services that hinder fair distribution of the resources in the economy of particular country1. 1I. Ahmed, and M. Lipton, â€Å"Impact of Structural Adjustment o n Sustainable Rural Livelihood: A Review of the Literature.† (1997), http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Wp62.pdf Accessed 14 January 2012. 2 ibid., p25 3 F. Stewart, and A. Berry. â€Å"Globalisation, Liberalization and Inequality: Real Causes.† Challenge, February 2001, 45-86. In general, the structural adjustments are intended to minimise or eliminate the balance of payments and the public sector deficits, with an objective of stimulating high economic growth. In addition, the policies aim at achieving an appropriate structural change capable of sustaining a robust economic growth and a favourable monetary environment in a particular economy3. One of the major characteristic of the structural adjustments is promoting specialization where the targeted economy is influenced to produce commodities â€Å"tradable† in the global market and reducing factors that enhance production of commodities with no or little economic value especially in the public domain4. Enhancing the flexibility and adaptability of the targeted economy to the changing global economic environment is an important objective of the structural adjustments. This reduces the effects of adverse global economic changes on the economy of a particular country 3. Structural adjustment policies comprise of measures aimed at facilitating short-term economic stability and long-term adjustments3. Short-term stabilisation measures are usually intended to the improvement of macro economic balance and overall stability. In order to attain the envisaged stability, structural adjustments enforce measures aimed at reducing the cumulative demand 3. Therefore, the major segments targeted include reduction of expenditure accrued in the public sector, increasing taxes and interests rates on loans. Usually, short-term stabilisation measures combine monetary, fiscal reforms and devaluation of currency, which deflates the actual exchange rate. These measures influence the value of commodities traded in the international market in relation to those produced and consumed in the local market 3. 3 P. Agenor, P. â€Å"Macroeconomic Adjustment and the Poor: Analytical Issues and Crosscountry Evidence â€Å"(2002). www.worldbank.org accessed 14 January 2012. 4 Ibid., p 33 Measures for ensuring short-term economic stabilisation include credit restrictions or ceilings, adjustment of exchange rate, minimising expenditures in the public sector, high tax policies and reforming the pricing of commodities3. Greenaway and Morrissey argued that the short-term nature of the stabilisation measures makes such policies to rely heavily on the managing and controlling the demand of the targeted economy. Eventually, the economy adopts a tendency of monetary absorption in the

He Enron Accounting Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

He Enron Accounting Scandal - Essay Example Second is misrepresenting the earnings reports that made the executives enjoy investments as they continued to report fraudulent earnings to investors which still attracted others due to the apparent financial gains that were being reported. Third is that the top company executives were involved in embezzlement as they kept on pocketing investment funds from the unsuspecting investors that led to the bankruptcy of the company. Fourth is the company’s idea of mark to market accounting introduced by skilling that made it the first company to use such as complex method to account for its contracts. (Petrick & Scherer, 2004) This meant income could be recorded even without receiving the money and this increased financial earnings. This was fraudulent especially after the Blockbuster video contract that resulted in losses that were treated as profits by the company. Fifth action was poor financial auditing through the use of reckless standards that did not identify mistakes in repo rting leading to the collapse of the company (Thomas, 2002). Risk management measures to avert the events Initially with the appointment of Skilling to the financial department, the CEO let him implement sophisticated risk control system at Enron. Embracing this new idea as a whole without first having to test it was a bad thing for the company (Culp, 2002). As much as ideas were initiated to adequate screening was made as members of the risk assessment group colluded with the management to approve deals. Therefore the first thing to do would have been to establish a flawless risk assessment group that was answerable to the board to avoid the events that led to the company’s collapse (Healy & Palepu, 2003). Secondly the company’s problems seemed to have emerged from the carefree attitude that was the norm for the management. They turned a blind eye to a lot of malpractices that were happening in the company making its situation worse. The company should have enforced a hands on management style instead of the hands off style that let the company run like a runaway train. Together with this the company should have enforced corporate governance ethics in order to eliminate such malpractices or reduce risks of them happening (Culp, 2002). The company should have also laid down the ground rules especially for the fiance department when it comes to reporting of the company’s earnings and other financial results. A simple accounting method should have been used and one that could be easily understood by shareholders and the board of directors so that people are not deceived into believing they have revenues which they do not actually have (Rosen, 2004). Ethical considerations of the laws applicable to the case The laws that applicable to this case specifically look at the issue of fraud and public misinformation. All financial information concerning the operations of any public owned company or any other company for that matter should be disclos ed at the end of a particular period of time following the laid down rules and regulations of financial reporting. The law requires that company be responsible in their conduct and relationship with various stakeholders so that each of the party enjoys the outcomes that are got from operating the business. The laws also require that the management acts in

Cost Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cost Accounting - Essay Example Absorption cost (also known as full costing) is costing systems which includes direct materials, direct labour and variable and fixed manufacturing overhead as product cost (Duruy, 2011).This costing method is normally required for external reporting purposes under GAAP since accountants believe that fixed overhead is a crucial component in the manufacturing process (Deo, 2009).. A reason for this is that stock valuation include all production cost under UK SAAP9 so that when profit increases the stock also increase (Pong, & Mitchell, 2004) On the other hand, Marginal or variable costing is costing system which includes all manufacturing cost that vary according to the number of units produced, which includes direct materials, direct labour and variable manufacturing overhead (Bhimani, 2011). Economists favour the use of marginal costing since it enhances profit maximisation (Deo, 2009) since stock increases lower the profit (Pong, & Mitchell, 2004). Theoretically, it is easy to iden tify the effects of the costing method used by an organization on profit. The costing method used in stock valuation therefore has an implication on profit as shown in the table below: Movement increase decrease Valuation method used Full costing Variable costing High profit Low profit Lower profit Higher profit Several principles were put forward in attempts of supporting either of these costing methods. For instance, the matching principle, which holds that during profit calculation, revenues, must be matched with the costs incurred in generating the revenue (Pong and Mitchell, 2004). Assuming prices are constant, the variable costing method results in a time series of profits that is in synch with the sales. This is considered an advantage of variable costing. The profit generated in this case is not subjected to any movements influence by changes in the stock level as the fixed costs are written off. This is found to concur with the realization principle that recognises profits as they occur (Pong and Mitchell, 2004). On the other hand, carrying forward fixed costs in the full costing method can boost profits in the case of rising stock. It is acknowledged that production activities can affect profitability via the levels of stock. However, this claim has been on the spotlight as it encourages managers to increase profitability by increasing stock which may be dysfunctional to the firm (Pong and Mitchell, 2004). The main difference between absorption costing and managerial costing is the treatment of the fixed manufacturing overhead cost, which are treated as a period cost in variable costing (Durury, 2011, p.195). The two costing methods will be compared using the given data below. Year 1 Year 2 Sales Price 50 52 Direct Materials 10 10 Direct Labour 7 8 Variable Production overhead 5 5 Fixed Production overheads 4800 5700 Administration costs 4000 5000 Sales Volume 900 1400 Production 1100 1300 The unit cost for the absorption costing method was higher at ?26.36 than the ?22.00 for the marginal costing due to the addition of ?4.36 per unit in the first year. The unit cost for the second year was also high for the absorption costing at ?27.38 when compared to the ?23.00 for the marginal costing. This comparison discovered that the unit cost for absorption costing was higher than the marginal costing because of the addition of the fixed manufacturing cost. The benefit of a two year comparisons is that it reveals how manufacturing cost are transferred in the absorption and managerial costing (Lere, 2000, p.29). The benefit of marginal costing is that fixed manufacturing overhead is already incurred even if there is no production for the period. (Durury,

Criticism of the movie '' City of God'' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criticism of the movie '' City of God'' - Essay Example Additionally, this society never valued the right of others. For instance, despite being bathed in golden lights and amber moods, children were being kicked around like football. Furthermore, the City of God is often expected to flourish in light throughout or all the time. However, it was full of darkness at some points. The darkness in this film is characterized not only y the frequent blackouts it experiences, but also by the action of its people. Nonetheless, the film is produced in a captivating style that is appealing to the audience. The storyline is perfect and well formulated. The film portrays the social issues that happened in a society. The society in question is Brazilian society that needed quick interventions. Furthermore, despite the film’s setting being based in a Brazilian society, its message of rotten vices in was far reaching with some of the crimes being global concerns. The problems and damages caused by gang groups have continued to affect many parts of the global society including cities in the United States. It is also worth noting that the film depicted immense creativity particularly in reflecting real life violence in a society. Additionally, the creativity is in the use of slang language that makes the film truly local and appealing to its targeted audience. In addition, the music that changes depending on the scenes significantly adds value to the success of this film. The director and produ cer of the film also ensured that the cinematography and writing were also perfectly related. The written script of the film portrayed the vices in the society and the same I well brought in play by the cinema presented by the film. Notably, the first expression in the film is the lack of peace and order in the society. This theme strikes everywhere and it is what leads to criminal activities such as murder, theft and rape. One of

CLIENT LETTER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CLIENT LETTER - Assignment Example Also, if there is anything you forgot to mention previously or is missing, please be certain to notify our offices immediately. According to our last meeting you explained that you are a single parent with a sole responsibility for your four-year-old daughter, Angie. Your boyfriend with whom you had this child left when the child was two years old. Even though you know where the boyfriend is living, neither you nor Angie has had any contact with him for two years. An incident happened approximately a week ago; you picked your daughter up at day care after work and you needed to stop at the grocery store before going home. While at the grocery, Angie was misbehaving and was taking items off the shelf and putting them into the cart. Despite several verbal reprimands, Angie continued to disobey you. You then slapped Angie’s hands making her to begin wailing thus attracting the attention of several customers in the store. After purchasing your groceries, you pushed Angie to the car. As you were putting Angie into the car seat, you noticed something protruding from one of the pockets of Angie’s dress. When you pulled it out, you realized that Angie had taken candy bars and gum from the shelves next to the checkout line and put them in her pockets. You wanted to make sure that your daughter understood that taking things without paying for them is wrong as it amounted to stealing. So, you shook her several times, slapped her hands, and then put her hand over Angie’s mouth when she began screaming. Angie then bit your hand, prompting you to instinctively slap her across the face. Even though you did not mean to hurt her, everything was happening very fast. Angie suddenly became very quiet, so you shut the backdoor to the car and drove home. After 10 minutes of driving, you realized that she had not heard from Angie since they

The ways neurons function helps Essay Example for Free

The ways neurons function helps Essay Typically, this type of stimulus-response reflexive action involves a collection of neurons initiating and provoking responses across synaptic junctions into other neurons. Synaptic inter-neuronal communication has illuminated behavioural knowledge as malfunction at the synapse is thought to underlie psychological disorders such as mood disturbance (Toates, 2007). Electrical signals arriving at the synaptic cleft trigger the release of stored neurotransmitters which operate as chemical messengers advancing neuronal impulses towards the target neuron. Target neuron receptors are specific to particular neurotransmitters thereby prohibiting erroneous stimulation of any neighbouring neurons. Once occupied, the neurotransmitter effectuates either an excitatory or inhibitory response in the post-synaptic neuron thus achieving a chemical bridge to conduct electrical impulses translated from stimuli. The biological perspective assumes that neuronal activity forms the biological infrastructure for psychological experiences such as emotions and moods thus alterations to the neural system, particularly synaptic activity has the ability to alter behaviour and mood. Through manipulation of the specific properties of neurotransmitter release, availability and deactivation, medical therapies have been advanced. For example, diminished serotonin has been implicated in attention and mood disorders and delaying the re-absorption or re-uptake into the releasing neuron favours alleviation of depressive symptoms. The anti-depressive agent Prozac, capitalises on this process by selectively targeting seretonergic synapses to block serotonin reuptake, which results in increased bio-availability of serotonin and improved mood (Toates, 2007). The full range of human behaviour is more comprehensive than simple reflexive actions or low mood but the relevance of understanding neuronal function at a singular level becomes clear when the billions of individual neurons that make up the brain and combine to create the neural systems responsible for particular roles are considered. For example, invasive investigations in animal models have allowed researchers to isolate the receptive fields of specific neurons in the visual system permitting hemispheric and brain lobe functionality mapping. Comprehension in functional responsibility of brain lobes has translated into evidence supporting biological links with psychological experiences such as memory. Penfield and Rasmussen discovered that surgical patients disclosed vivid historical memories during electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe (as cited in Toates, 2007) and electrical stimulation can now be administered through permanent implants in specific areas of the brain for relief of chronic pain. Alteration of the neural sequence is achieved by either reducing activity in pain related neurons or increasing electrical activity in neurons associated with positive emotions (Toates, 2007). Further supporting evidence for biological influence over behaviour is found in incidents of extensive brain damage resulting in significant alterations to temperament with famous examples such as Phineas Gage enlightening aspects of behavioural science. Surviving an industrial accident that involved prefrontal lobe damage, Gage exhibited little deterioration to intellectual and linguistic abilities but marked transformations in personality, previously considered out of character. Thus, whilst the brain and nervous system exhibit remarkable properties of functional continuation despite insult, focal damage, in this case to the region responsible for inhibition of emotional expression can produce pronounced effects on behaviour lending support to a biological explanation for some aspects of behaviour. Evidence from diseased and damaged brains provides support for biological perspectives ascribing behaviour through physiology but some aspects of human behaviour do not portray a clear uni-directionality of effect. Whilst the efficacy and mode of action of pharmaceutical agents such as Prozac implicate neuro-chemical involvement in depression, patient response is distinctively individual and Anisman and Zacharko demonstrated that external factors such as stress could contribute to the development of depression in individuals with little biological pre-disposition (as cited in Toates, 2007, p. 278). Even the mitigation of pain has been shown by Wall to be contingent on anticipation of relief in patients administered inert substances rather than Morphine (as cited in Toates, 2007, p. 261). It would appear that individual beliefs and attitudes can be as important to outcomes as bio-chemical engineering. Research at a biological level augments understanding of human behaviour and has importantly led to treatments and remedies for some conditions through modification to neural function. However, an exclusively reductionist approach appears insufficient in the face of evidence highlighting the reciprocal effect of social, environmental and experiential factors.

The Tyre Industry Sector

The Tyre Industry Sector Tyres and tubes, the strategic rubber products and basic supplements to the automotive vehicles are of most importance to the countrys economy. The tyre industry sector is providing direct employment to over 40,000 people and indirect employment to lakhs of people. This industry sector is now being considered as a core industry sector. The manufacturing of automobile tyres as an essential ancillary for the development of automobile sector came into being in India during the 1930s when the Dunlop India Ltd., the first tyre manufacturing transnational company started its operation in 1935 at Sahaganj in West Bengal. During the early period the overseas tyre manufacturing companies were having major equity participation in the Indian manufacturing companies. After 1970s there was a change in the policy of Government and it decided not to sanction any foreign equity The setting up of joint sector projects with multiple foreign collaboration was considered feasible. At present 11 large companies with 15 factories and 9 medium-scale companies scattered all over India are manufacturing tyres and tubes for automotive vehicles including aero tyres and tyres for defence services. As estimated, their total production during 1987 was 128 lakhs tyres against the total installed capacity of 179.44 lakhs tyres. The interesting feature of the tyre industry in India is that starting from its inception to the present day its progress has been influenced by repeated import of technical collaborations. There is an urgent need to build up indigenous capabilities for tyre technology including the tyre machinery. within view of this, it was opinion desirable to carry out the review of at hand status of this industry and to identify and analyze the critical inputs required for absorption and up gradation of imported technology. The DSIR has introduce a system National Register of Foreign Collaborations Which imagine check and analysis of imported technologies in the country also suggest measures for appropriate choice, acquisition and implementation of foreign know-how. The main objectives of this plan are Undertake financial, economic and legal analysis of set of data on foreign collaborations. Carry out a technology analysis of the imported machinery and provide state of the art machinery in use in the country and status of execution of alliance Provide the basis for National Science strategy wherever possible. In the long run lead to unpack aging of imported technology and in generation of national strength in competitively purchase only certain components of machinery. Coordinate with department of Industry, Commerce and Finance etc. by provided that machinery data input. Facilitate more efficient countrywide contribution with various organizations such as UNCTAD, UNIDO, and ESCAP etc. and in the global switch over of information and co-operation with current developing country the three reports has been ready under National Register of Foreign alliance to review the Tyre Industry in India. 1.6 The In-house RD units in industry are advantageously located to absorb and get improved upon the import machinery. Equipment invention in the Indian tyre industry has witness a fair total of expertise and adaptability to absorb, settle in and adapt worldwide technology to suit Indian conditions. This is reflecting in the swift technology progression from cotton (reinforcement) carcass to high-performance radial tyres in a distance of four decades. Globalization has lead to the concerning of the economy of all the nations and so key Indian company in the tyre industry are pursuing global strategy to improve their competitiveness in global markets. There section mostly undertakes an impression of the Indian tyre industry through an overview of the Indian examination of its expansion trends with respect to manufacture exports and acquisition of technical capability. EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY Phase Period Characteristics Policy Regime 1 1920-35 Negative domestic production. Demand met in the course of imports. Key company included Dunlop, Firestone Goodyear. moderate import 2 1936-60 Home production begins by erstwhile trade companies: Dunlop, Firestone, and Goodyear with India Tyre Rubber Company. Burden of traiff also non traiff barrier on import. 3 1961-74 Indian companies-MRF, most important Incheck- enter modern quarter with foreign technology; license of bonus production capacity. Regulation on capacity expansion and repatriation of profits of distant companies; enforcement of export obligation on MNC; protection from external competition 4 1975 -1991 Entry of large Indian business houses like Singhania Modi technical collaborations with MNCs, introduction of radial tyres, vertical integration and exponential growth in tyre production exports Delicensing of production, placing of imports under OGL with tariff non-tariff barriers 5 1992 onwards Outside trade liberalization decrease in trade in duty; re-entry of MNCs also separately or in teamwork with Indian capital. Progressive reduction in introduce duty; liberalized imports Cars Radial Tyre Bias Tyre Two Wheeler Motor Bike Front Motor Bike Rear Scooter Front Scooter Rear Truck, Buses Farm Service Tractor Rear Tractor Front Fork Industrial Light Commercial Vehicle Radial Tyre Bias Tyre Heavy commercial vehicles insufficient public transport system, especially in the semi-urban and rural area better availability of inexpensive consumer finance in the past 3-4 years; Increase availability of fuel-efficient and low-maintenance models. rising urbanization, which creates a need for personal transportation; change in the demographic profile; climate and road constructions stable increase in per capita earnings over the history five years; and Increasing figure of model with changed kind to satisfy various customers wants. Price: Price, in many cases, is probable to be the most primary determinant of demand since its frequently the initial thing that people think about when decide how much of an item to buy. The vast popular of goods and services obey what economists call the law of demand- that, everyone else being equal, the amount demanded of an thing decrease when the price increase and vice versa. (There are some exceptions to this rule, but they are few and far between) Income targeted people: Different companies target their target customer group according to their income group and thus the total demand is determine according to income group. In tyre product demand derived from the automobile products. So highest demand growth in two wheeler segment compare another segmement. Promotional Scheme Different companies provide different promotional scheme to push-up their sales and attract the customer. In case of some special schemes like the 0% interest and low down payment scheme. Sales of increased by up to 70% of total sales. Sales pattern throughout the year There was consent at the opinion that there is a slump in June, July and August and also during the second half of December. At the time of festivals, especially Dusshera and Diwali or at the time of the marriage season the sales are high. The reason given for slump were In summers, people generally go for summer tours and spend a lot of money so they postpone their purchases. Because of religious reasons (Shraddh) in the month of August. People dont prefer to purchase vehicles during the rainy season. Demographics: It is clear that high population of India has been one of the key reasons for vast volume of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be expanding demand include increasing population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and return car. Also, increase in people with lesser dependence on fixed only family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Price of Fuel Movement in oil prices also have an contact on demand for huge car in India. During period of high fuel cost as skilled in 2007 and first -half of 2008, demand for huge car decline in favour of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicle. The change patterns in customer preference for smaller more fuel capable vehicle led to the launch of Tata Motors Nano one of worlds smallest and cheapest. NAME OF COMPANY MARKET SHARE MRF TYRES 22% APOLLO TYRE 21.7% J K TYRE 20% CEAT 13% KESORAM INDUSTRIES 6% DUNLOP 3% FALCON 2% TCIL 1.5% MODI RUBBER 12.4 GOOD YEAR 7% Remaining 5 % of share by other player. MADRAS RUBBER FACTORY Popularly known as MRF, is a major tyre manufacturing company situated in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and India. MRF makes all types of tyres from auto to sedan, prejudice to radial and tubes and conveyor belts. It is Indias main tyre manufacturing company and among the dozen major worldwide. It exports to more than 65 countries. MRF is the sister related of the leading malayalam daily Malayala Manorama.The creator of the MRF, Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappilai was the brother of late Mr.K.M.Mathew, ex-chief editor of Malayala Manorama. MRF become the opening Indian company to export tyres to USA the very home of tyre technology. Sales crossed INR two billion. MRF tyres were the first tyres selected for fitment on the Maruti Suzuki 800 Indias first small, modern car. Apollo Tyre Apollo Tyres Ltd is the worlds 15th biggest tyre producer with annual consolidate income of Rs 121.5 billion (US$ 2.5 billion) in 2011. It was found in 1976. Its first plant was specially made in Perambra, Kerala. In 2006 the corporation acquired Dunlop Tyres International of South Africa. The company now has four manufacturing unit in India, two in South Africa, two in Zimbabwe and 1 in Netherlands. It has a system of over 4,000 dealerships in India, of which over 2,500 are select outlets. In South Africa, it has over 900 dealerships, of which 190 are Dunlop Accredited Dealers. It gets 59% of its income from India, 28% from Europe and 13% from Africa. It is planning to become the 10th biggest tyre manufacturer in the global with annual revenues of $6 billion by 2016. Ceat Tyre On top of the road since 1958, CEAT has run up to be one of the best tyre manufacturers in the industry. CEAT not only make trailblazing tyres, but also marketplace tubes and flaps. And thats not all. At CEAT represent our selling tough yet even secure yet set to look at the undaunted. CEAT are young and revving to go; with an old age that come with years of market turnout More than 3500 Cr yearly return and signal list of customers and OEMs, a diversity of award and license are info so as to could talk for Company but CEAT rather burn the road with our show. CEAT think that tyres are not just accessories they are the force that moves your aspirations. in means of us you get to choose from a broad variety of tyres that costume your wants and vehicle kind (Not to mention, radials are racers in the global market might is one of the mainly significant quality of goods which complement solid foundation as a part of RPG enterprise Company commitment to quality ensures that you have a safe ride, always. So go on, defy destiny. J.K Tyre J.K. Tyre has been at the forefront of the radial revolution in India. Since inception, J.K Tyre has been frequently release high excellence technology products, which have withstand the examination of time. It is our beliefs to incessantly expect and appreciate the customer needs convert them into presentation principles for our goods and military and meet these standards every time. The Goodyear Tire Rubber Company Goodyears attendance in India is over 89 years old, with two plants, one each in Ballabgarh and Aurangabad. In the passenger car section Goodyear India provisions tyres to a lot of of the chief Original tools Manufacturers. Goodyear India has also been a lead the way in introduces tubeless radial tyres in this section. In the ranch segment in India, Goodyear tyres are supplied to all the main tractor companies. In 2010/11, Goodyear India was awarded the Super brand status. Industry has one of the largest distribution networks in India. It has divided the Indian sub continent into various regions and has set up a Regional Office for each region. By individual company. Clearing and forwarding agents (CFAs) are attached to them. Often the larger regions have 2 or3 or more CFAs to cover the region properly. The total number of CFAs across the country is 1102. Factory DDC RDC CFA DEALER Industry has three level distribution structures. The factory supplies goods to the RDCs (Regional Distribution Centres) and from these RDCs the goods are transferred to CFAs (Carrying and Forwarding Agents.) Which act as godowns for distribution to the dealers there is only one DDC RDCs are the mother godowns for storage of goods. The tyres, tubes and flaps are transported to these from factories. The set is formed at RDCs and strapped. The tube is inflated before transportation to RDCs. The Dispatch challans are issued to the transporters. In some cases, the RDCs are required to supply the goods directly to the dealers and invoice them in the required format. Ceat has recently shifted from the DDC structure wherein it had 7 DDCs to the RDC structure, however this structure is proving inefficient from the operating cost point of view. The inventory cost has shot up and availability has suffered. The amount of safety stock in the system has also gone up. Hence Ceat is about to shift back to the DDC structure over a one year period. CFAs are the smaller godowns which pull the goods from the RDCs. They transfer the goods to the dealers and an invoice needs to be generated. The CFAs pull the goods from RDCs according to demand. These CFAs distribute the goods to th e dealers Tubes and flaps sourcing units Tyre sourcing unit Factory RDC RDC CFA CFA CFA CFA DEALER DEALER DEALER Key Issues of Industry High tax usage The high tax content on tyres can be gauged from the fact that the proportion of total tax to the tax disqualified price for various category of tyres is 44% for Truck Tyre; 41% for Passenger Car Radial Tyre, 35% for Tractor Rear Tyre and 76% for Truck Tyre Tube. Radialization in the Commercial Vehicle Segment Indian Tyre Industry hitherto is predominantly a cross ply/bias tyre manufacturing industry, particularly in the commercial vehicle segment (truck, bus, LCV) whereas in the developed countries Radialization level is much higher. In comparison to normal (Bias) tyres, Radial tyres offer higher life/mileage, lower fuel consumption, improved safety and ride quality and several other benefits. However, the initial cost of a radial tyre is approx. 25% higher though on a cost per kilometre (CPK) basis, radial tyre gives higher benefits Embossing of Maximum Price (MRP) on Truck/Bus Tyres In February, 1988, as per a directive of the Ministry of Industry, Embossing of MRP on truck and bus tyres was started. This was based on the recommendations of the Committee on Tyre Industry (1984, known as Satyapal Committee). In the last over 15 years, the economic scenario has undergone a sea change with liberalization, removal Major raw-materials of tyre industry (Natural Rubber and of controls and free global trade in most items. Tyre Industry is also delicensed. Petroleum based materials) undergo wide fluctuations in prices. In such a dynamic scenario, it is a not practical to emboss the price on tyres due to market dynamics Used Tyre Developed and industrialized countries are facing a monumental problem in disposal of used tyres. Hence, developing and high tyre consumption countries like India are being looked upon as a dumping ground for used tyres several countries have banned or imposed severe restriction on price. (For assessment of Customs Duty) in 1997. Till recently, floor price mechanism was effective in restricting imports. Import of used tyres. In India, Government introduced .floor However; of late the volume of used tyre imports (in circumvention) of the floor price has increased significantly. Automotive Industry Standards (Ais) All large tyre companies had voluntarily taken BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) certification. In addition, Government has proposed Automotive Industry Standards AIS) which are essentially. Safety standards. And applicable to tyre industry also. Government support for promoting Made in India. Brand for Tyres Indian tyre industry is facing intense competition from China and other South East Asian countries in tyre exports to other Though the quality of Indian tyres is better and has wider acceptance, due to cheaper pricing, higher volumes and aided by Government support and subsidies, Chinese tyres are cutting into the share of Indian tyre exports. There is a need to promote India Brand for tyres as one which spells quality and higher standards. Countries There are a need to promote India Brand for tyres as one which spells quality and higher standards. Trends of Industry Emergence of tubeless tyre market There is no tube in a tubeless tyre. The tyre and the rim of the helm form a sealed box to seal the air as the tubeless tyre has an inner lining of resistant halo butyl. The valve is straight mounted on the rim. If a tubeless tyre gets puncture air escape only during the hole created by the nail, thus charitable substantial time between a stab and a flat tyre. Players focusing on radial tyres By means of only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact by means of the ground. To put in extra stiffness, the entire tire is bordered by extra belts so as to be orient closer to the way of travel, other than typically at some spiral angle. These belts can be made of steel (therefore the term steel-belted radial), Polyester, or Aramid fibers such as Twaron and Kevlar. In this way, squat radial tires break up the tire carcass into two separate systems: The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort. The rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, connote far above the ground mileage and performance. Every system can then be individually optimized for best performance Re-treading of tyres One more area of worry for the tyre manufacturers are the rising retreading, where the worn out trample of the aged tyre is replace with a new tread. Retreading expenses regarding 20% of a novel tyre and is so accomplishment hold of popularity, mostly in Southern part of the country. Elgi Tyres and Tread Ltd are the two major ret readers in India. Meaning of such retreaters can be gauged by the detail that about 85% of the tyre demand is for replacement. The PEST analysis is a helpful tool for sympathetic marketplace growth or decline, and as such the spot potential and route for a business. PEST is an acronym for following Economic, Social and Technological factors. Tyre industry in India is growing strongly and their manufacture rising from every year. In 2012 there were 40 tyre manufacturing companies working in India which be consisted of key life-size brands in tyre industry such as Good year, MRF, Falcon Tires and Bridge stones etc. tell pest analysis on this market to check at what extent political, economical, technical and social factors are moving this tyre industry in India. Political Factors Were supporting Indian tire industry as Indian Government especially reduces its taxes on basic inputs to endorse the industry. Tax and duties on the import and export of tires were set less so that cheaper tires and material could be imported and good quality tires can be exported. Tire made in India were mostly exported to other budding countries such as Latin America, South-East Asia, Middle East and the Africa. The economy of was promising and the total construction of vehicles more than double between 2000 and 2012 so it had a good quality potential for the industry. Basically in 1926, the first tire was made by a British company Dunlop, and followers of Dunlop were other three foreign companies: The Americans Firestone, Good Year and Italian Ceat, but latter on Indian Social Factors Presently, small families are demanding for 2/4 wheelers for individuals. The sales of tyres have gained more in past decade. From upper class families with more than 1 car per family observed to be increasing demand of tyres exponentially, mainly in cities where Woking couples find difficult to maintain them without more than 1 car. As we know that Indian middle class families are known for its savings frenzy has now been slowly warming up to an idea of EMI and buying on credit. Due to these factors, there is an enormous demand in passenger cars. Technological Factor Technology creation in the Indian tyre industry is in effect geared to expansion research, connecting the adjust of tread design, back up material etc. on the whole of the key players do not employ in basic explore due to the elevated expenses involved. The base of information for the home firm has been during reverse engineering, combined ventures and collaboration. The stress given by Indian tyre companies to applied research and the setting up of well-equipped in-house RD centre by the companies, which are manned by in technology up stage Indian tyre technology has exhibit flexibility in maintain inflow of technology in the course of foreign collaboration and couture the same to Indian wants RD is basically trade or market driven. But basic inputs suppliers could also help in conceive new projects. Mix growth and in-process trouble have be the main shove of in-house RD in the Indian tyre industry. The Indian Tyre industry is likely to show a healthy escalation rate of 9-10% over the next five years, according to a study by Credit Analysis and Research Limited While the truck and bus tyres are set to index a compounded yearly growth rate (CAGR) of 8%, the beam business vehicles (LCV) part is normal to explain a CAGR of with reference to 14 %. Though we have to also take account of the outcome of the global depression on top of the sector in construction these assessments. The enlargement of the division is powerfully linked to the expansion plans of the automobile companies; the governments thrust on development of road infrastructure and the sourcing of auto parts by the global Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Some major hurdles en route for attaining these projected development rates could be basic inputs connected price uncertainty rupee joy and the hostile threat of cheap Chinese imports. The Indian tyre companies need to make lively attention to detail to discover newer market as the alive market for bus-truck tyres, which account for about 45 % of the total export volume, is nearing saturation. To hand is also a critical must to increase the degree of Radialization in order to protect their share in the export market. Worldwide tyre manufacturers have been making stable efforts to innovate and offer a diverse range of products such as tyres with pressure alert systems, jog flat tyres, natural tyres and force able tyres. In this context, the Indian home companies have to follow a enlargement strategy of hysterically novelty and rising importance on produce separation. The Industry Growing At 8 To 9% by the (YOY). Their Market Leaders Adopted a Latest Technology in Manufacturing of Tyre Proudcts.and government also step taken reduced import and encourage domestic player and small scale industry to take part in growth story. Basis of Elecon is providing best quality to customers. Due to constant start work on quality, better concentration on the material usage and proper prices the Elecon could improve its performance. As per my knowledge tyre industry running successfully in india.industry demand is mostly base on automobile products. The major factors moving the demand for tyres include the level of developed activity, availability and cost of praise transport volumes. the new boom in the tyre industry due to skill and technology sector has coupled continuous thrust of government on infrastructure projects is expected to sustain healthy growth of commodities insist roughly all company have announce extensive boost in capability which effect in to boost in earnings of industry In the increase in the tax rates, transportation charges, railway freight, road constrictions patterns ,increase basic input prices (rubber) is worry for the industry.

Agriculture and Forestry Machinery Industry in Canada

Agriculture and Forestry Machinery Industry in Canada General remarks: The sources should be added The way we do it is like this[1] Also, since there are now sources, I cannot check how valid are your points It is always better to talk about the movement rather than static: E.g. the point with loans. Less loans, more loans than in 2012 (2011, 2012)? What is the trend, and this trend is the result of what? (not just 2013) With agricultural land. Increasing? Decreasing? The trend. Hard to understand the main story (and I think it is more related to the loans, and cutting of subsidies than with rich harvest) I am also adding the competitive landscape from last year, so you can finish the company you didn’t know. Headlines Market for agricultural and forestry machinery grows 15% in 2013 due to increasing capacities of domestic and main import/export partner USA farms and consequently high farm incomes that encourage farmers to invest in agriculture machinery.[G1] Industry increasingly concentrated, with top 5 companies: Buhler Industries Inc., John Deere Ltd., CNH Canada Ltd., Bourgault Industries Ltd., La Coop Purdel increasing their revenue Government gives loans and insurance incentivise farmers to buy new equipment or update old machines[GL2] Domestic market grows slightly more than sales over 2013, mainly due to cost savings arising from adoption of innovative technologies[GL3] Maybe a point about cutting government subsidies Loans Something from production, like innovation trend or demand abroad for Canadien machinery ( I still didn’t get why exactly is the Canadian machinery demanded) Industry set to see 3% turnover growth in 2014 due to accelerating mechanisation and adoption of precision farming in agriculture, coupled with strong USA demand for Canadian-made machinery Market Trends The Canadas market for agricultural and forestry machinery was valued C$5.4 billion in 2013, up by astounding 15% from 2012. Year-on-year [G4]market growth was mainly attributed to the agriculture industry and its growing automation, while increasing application of innovative products such as precision farming equipment also had a positive impact. Farms sought to increase production capacity and capture the benefits of high revenue coming from high crop prices. [G5]Furthermore, major what? trends in Canada and other high-income countries included a reduction in the number but growth in the size of farms[G6], which fuelled demand for sophisticated agricultural equipment. Farm size in Canada is growing similar to other high 0 income countries, which fuels demand for sophisticated agricultural machinery. The agriculture industry was main buyer of agricultural and forestry machinery in 2013, including both purchases for investment and business purposes. There were around 200 000 farms operating in Canada in 2013, with more than 51 million hectares of agricultural land classified as dependable agricultural land [GL7]. An excellent 2013 key grains such as and oilseeds harvest in Canada was a main contributor for strong which sector performance. Consequently, net farm incomes in 2013 were as high as in 2012 , fuelling investment in capacity expansion, which led to 12% growth of agriculture sector spending for investment and business purposes. High agriculture revenue and consequent spending on agricultural and forestry machinery was a result of several key factors. Primarily, favourable weather conditions , translated in record 2013 crop production and allowed farmers to capitalise on higher crop prices, which remained high till the end of the year. In addition to that, although the number of farms in Canada is steadily falling since 2006 (taking in to perspective from 2006 to 2011 it fell 10.3% or by 24 thousand farms), they are getting bigger, which resulted in economies of scale and capital concentration. This naturally allowed greater spending on state-of-the-art agricultural equipment, adoption of precision farming, the use of new technologies to optimize agricultural yields and reduce costs. Precision farming employs innovations such as global positioning systems for vehicle and row tracking that allow farmers to use previous yield information and soil resistivity data to minimise planting overlaps.[G8] Farm credit approved 47 046 new loans in 2012-13, with average size of loan approved rising to C$162.406, giving farmers incentive to acquire new equipment. [GL9] However federal program payments, which include primarily payments made directly to agricultural sector? producers, were set to decrease from C$1.3 billion in 2012, to C$1.2 billion in 2013 and during the same 2 year period, provincial program payments were also set to decrease from C$ 1.6 to C$1.5 billion[G10]. In 2013 majority over 59% of domestic market demand was accounted for by foreign producers. Primarily from USA , which claimed 70% of all domestic market demand. [G11]Innovative technological advancements related to precision farming equipment, new advanced agriculture tractors and soil preparation machinery, backed by geographic proximity and NAFTA membership, allowed USA to remain Canadas most import partner in agricultural machinery. Meanwhile, second Canadas foreign supplier Germany, managed to increase its market share from 8% in 2012 to 9% in 2013. This can be attributed to record high farm incomes in Canada and farmers, who valued Germanys reputation as a producer of high-end agricultural machinery. This fostered demand for made-in-Germany machinery. [G12] Agricultural tractors were most demanded machinery in the market, accounting for 34% of the demand in 2013, increasing from C$1.6 billion in 2012 to C$1.8 billion by 10%, while harvesting and threshing machinery increased by 13% from C$1.3 to C$1.4 billion, which respectively accounted 26% of the demand in 2013. This increase of demand for the machinery can be explained by excellent 2012 year for farmers, who were able accumulate profit and bright expectations, that in 2013 grain production increase to 97 million tonnes, compared to 77 million tonnes, encourage farmers to plan ahead and to invest in new agricultural tractors, harvesting and threshing machinery. [G13] Production Trends In 2013 production of agriculture and forestry machinery in the Canada was C$ 4.7 billion, up 14% from previous year. Turnover of local producers was driven by reboots demand from domestic market as well as 7% growth in exports. As the result of increased agriculture volume, high net farming income and high demand for Canadian machinery in biggest export partner USA, local manufacturers ran at full capacity throughout 2013. Tight competition in the agriculture industry, led farmers[GL14] to seek cost minimisation, which could only have been most efficiently achieved using sophisticated machinery Canadian agricultural machinery industry had to offer. [GL15] Even though exports [GL16]percentage of production output fell from 53% in 2012 to 51%in 2013, exports grew by 7% from C$2.2 to C$2.4 billion. It was due to the fact that domestic demand grew faster than exports. Canadas export partners were mostly industrialised market economies where agricultural activity is capital-intensive and reliant on advanced technology. The biggest trade recipients remained USA claiming 79% of Canadas exports, due to geographic proximity and NAFTA membership, allowed Canada to remain the USAs primary import partner in agricultural equipment. As for 2013, Canadian soil preparation machinery and harvesting and threshing machinery each accounted for a third of agricultural and forestry machinery imports to the US. 2013 was a year of innovations in agricultural and forestry machinery industry[GL17] with breakthrough in precision farming. New ways at improving tillage by introducing tools capable of variable-rate tillage, vertical tillage and improved residue management, was leading innovation. Other significant areas of innovation were: equipment of smaller magnitude, directed at easier way to transport and to let tractors and planters achieve higher speed[GL18]. Decreasing number of farms, but ever expanding in size has been long lasting trend in Canada, bigger farms are capable of buying more expensive and sophisticated machinery. In addition to that, StatsCan also found a shift away from livestock-based farms to crop-based operations, such farms require more machinery to be ran efficiently than livestock-based. Naturally large corporations in machinery industry were more successful in satisfying demand for such equipment, due to high capital requirements, massive fixed costs and the importance of economies of scale. Smaller firms were able to compete in agricultural and forestry machinery industry by capitalizing their sales by offering specialised equipment such as tractor attachments to smaller farmers, who were trying to compete with bigger farmers as well. [G19] Production volume expanded by 14%, leading to stunning increase in profit by 20% over 2013, was among the largest among developed countries. Comparing to a profit margin of USA, which increased by moderate 4% but remained high, outperforming such countries as Italy, France, Germany and the UK. [GL20] Due to the rising popularity of precision-farming technologies, which started in 2011, top agriculture machinery manufacturers started to employ more professionals to create and develop more state-of-art [GL21]data hosting technologies, cloud-based applications, and other modern solutions. This translated into boost in wages, to attract best qualified personnel through 2012 and 2013. These strategies as well as 7% increase in number of employees, led to 6% increase of turnover per employee. [GL22] Competitive Landscape They all manufacture agricultural machinery? But how are they different? What kind of machinery? The industry of agricultural and forestry machinery was becoming more concentrated in production terms with five leading entities Buhler Industries Inc., John Deere Ltd., CNH Canada Ltd., Bourgault Industries Ltd., and La Coup Purdel in 2013. Majority of enterprises operated in the industry were micro-sized and small, mainly producing specialised equipment such as tractor attachments. Due to high capital requirements, massive fixed costs and the importance of economies of scale, the bigger share of turnover was captured by the largest producers. Buhler Industries Inc is headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, manufacturer and distributor of agricultural equipment. Factories in Morden and Winnipeg, MB, Salem, SD, Willmar, MN and Fargo, ND, build tractors, front-end loaders, augers, compact implements and more. Buhler Industries maintains several well-stocked parts warehouses. 2007, Combine Factory Rostselmash Ltd, a major combine manufacturer located in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, acquired 80% of the common shares of Buhler Industries. With additional investment in engineering, research and development and production, the company is moving forward. The dealer / distribution network in North America remains unchanged, but the Rostselmash network of more than 200 dealers in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan now has access to the products built by Buhler Industries. 2013 marked the launch of a highly anticipated product known as the Versatile DeltaTrack. The new Versatile 260, 290 and 310, a front-wheel assist fixed frame tractor, entered production. This interim Tier 4 compliant tractor features a Cummins QSL 9.0 mated to a 16-speed powershift transmission. This new row crop tractor uses the Versatile HQ cab, the biggest cab in the agriculture industry, featuring new ergonomic controls and unmatched visibility and comfort. News? CHN Canada Ltd. is a company based in Saskatoon, Canada, which produces industrial and commercial machinery products, including farm machinery and equipment. CNH has earned a reputation for product quality and superior design in seeding, tillage and chemical application equipment. In particular, air seeding systems stand alone in terms of innovation, efficiency and effectiveness[GL23]. News? John Deere Ltd. is a company based in the Canada, which design, manufacture and distribute agricultural and construction equipment, turf and forestry equipment and additional supporting businesses Financial Services, Power Systems, Parts Services, and the Intelligent Solutions group. John Deere Ltd., future plans are to expand globally with a focus on six key areas the United States and Canada, Europe, Brazil, Russia, India, and China. News? Bourgault Industries Ltd. is a company based in the St. Brieux, Saskatchewan, Canada, which design, manufacture and distribute farm equipment. Bourgault Industries Ltd. is the world leader in air seeder technology. In 2011 company introduced Model 7950 air seeder, with four main tanks totalling 34 000 litres and full inter-tank flexibility that Bourgault air seeders are renowned for. News? Prospects The industry for agriculture and forest machinery is expected to enjoy a moderate 3% growth of turnover in 2014. The 2015 Canadian Agricultural Outlook projects that net income for Canadian farmer will continue to grow in 2014. In addition to that sizable gains realised during 2012 and 2013, and modest global demand for agriculture equipment, are anticipated to sustain demand for agricultural and forestry machinery in 2014. Talk about continuous decrease in subsidies Talk about how usa agricultural sector is projected to expand and have positive growth on exports Talk about sift towards grain farming rather than live stock, this type of farming should be requiring more machinery to process land ( my guess) can we confirm? In the medium and long term prospects for Canadas agriculture and forestry machinery producers are positive, particularly in terms of foreign opportunities. Growing demand for food and rising crop prices are set to fuel farm income worldwide and spur robust demand for advanced agricultural equipment. The necessity for cutting-edge machinery will be particularly high in regions characterised by rapid urbanisation and declining crop-land areas, as well as emerging markets in Eastern Europe and Africa, where consolidation will make capital investments more attractive and attainable. Application of new technologically-innovative farming practices, such as precision farming, is expected to fuel demand for agricultural equipment over the forecast period. which will as well drive the turnover of the industry under review. Demand for precision farming equipment is predicted to grow over the forecast period as young and open to what tech has to offer farmers continue to enter the national agriculture industry.[GL24] Competitive Landscape (2012) CNH Canada Ltd is a Canada-based subsidiary of CNH Global NV, which is majority owned by Fiat SpA. CNH manufactures and markets agricultural and construction equipment with 37 manufacturing facilities located throughout Europe, North America, Latin America and Asia. In Canada the company operates a manufacturing centre in Saskatoon, SK, where it employs around 700 full-time workers. CNH Global NV operates through 11,300 dealers in approximately 170 countries and employs around 28,800 workers globally, with 9,900 in North America. Buhler Industries Inc is a Canadian company owned by Novoye Sodruzhestvo Industrial Group, which manufactures and sells agricultural equipment. Among the company’s products are tractors, self-propelled and pull-type sprayers, front-end loaders, grain augers, snow blowers, tillers, finishing mowers, feed processing equipment, seeding and tillage equipment, hay and forage equipment, among others. Buhler Industries Inc has several manufacturing plants in Morden and Winnipeg (Manitoba), Vegreville (Alberta), as well as sites in the US in Fargo (North Dakota), Salem (South Dakota) and Willmar (Minnesota). The company employs more than 1,000 workers in North America. John Deere Ltd is a Canadian subsidiary of Deere Co, which is an American company specialised in the manufacture of construction equipment, farm and turf equipment and forestry equipment. The company offers such products as loaders, combines, corn pickers, cotton and sugarcane harvesters, tillage, seeding and application equipment. It owns 19 plants in the US and Canada and plants in Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Mexico, and other countries around the world. MacDon Industries Ltd is a Canada-based company which designs, manufactures and sells harvesting equipment. Among the company’s products are self-propelled windrowers and headers, pull-types for hay, draper headers for combines and pick-up headers. MacDon Industries Ltd operates a manufacturing facility in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, which occupies over 600,000 square feet of building space. Bourgault Industries Ltd is a company based in Canada, which designs, manufactures and sells agricultural equipment. Among the company’s products are air seeders, air drills, tillage units, harrows, packers, fertiliser application systems, and others. [1] A Source [G1]Per ilga antraste [GL2]No companies. Unless its an important merge or news which is important to overall industry. In this case only one company news would come to head line. Not a summary list. [GL3]If its meant to be market grew more than production? I think that reasons are confusing. I can not see the numbers but it seems like a. market is driven by local demand b. production by exports and market? If yes , I agree the statement is lacks strength in logic [G4]What year? I would suggest explaining what is the difference. [G5]When? [G6]Is a new trend, still applicable to 2013? I would expect to read about it later in the txt, where a comparison is done of average farm size e.g. in year x versus 2013. [GL7]to try to give an evaluation – is what does this number represent. E.g. is it more than e.g. usa or some other big nation. In general.. [G8]Repetitive, combine withe the 2nd point Maybe clean up some facts but leave the size info. [GL9]I guess I want to see movement but simple fact of how different it is from 2012 more less would be enough. [G10]Very important point. More important than harvest, or land are. à ¯Ã‚ Ã…   SO first, cutting subidies, decond, agricultural loans. The interesting things is how come with subsidies down investment grew that much? But I guess it’s a controversy which is difficult to answer. One would expect a jump in loans,. Even then, subsidies declined 2 bil, while there is 100 000 of loans, not even close to compensate. [G11]Imports? [G12]Not sure, quite weak argument, I agree, its enough in terms of us. Unless he would be listing the companies and brands and new real products introduced. I would love toread about precision faring. Which company is has offered such farming machinery in 2013 , it would be a good illustraiont [G13]Gaun, repetitive. If you want to say it, add it above/ . I guess agree . I would say add that his buyers analises is strong enough, no need to empty talk on sectors. [GL14]Who’s [GL15]Sounds like an advertising slogan. I doubt that Canadian machinery is that special, and if it is, you have to tell what specific machinery or something is that important/demanded. [GL16]Since market is already analysed, in this case export is second most important factor to be analysed and presented in the production sector. I would doubt the analytical need to analyse export share change. Its enough to say its curtail, and it grew a little less by (something, not share) this time than local market. In the intro though always clearly state if local production is driven by export growth or local market , in this case its local market. Yet exports remain curtail as its half of revenues. [GL17]This argument needs support and examples. E.g. this this company, designed,/introduced and etc. Please expand this point. [GL18] [G19]Labiau prie market tinka I would delete it, the only interesting thing here that I found interesting is livestock-based farms to crop-based operations, this is important and should be mentioned in bueyrs. ( or agricultural analyses of the market) However, I do not see that text after that translates into explanation what it meant for producers.I would say its just a good fact to add to the positive facts of increasing size of farms, and good crop prices. [GL20]Descriptive. [GL21]ADVERTISING [GL22]GUESSING [GL23]Not a commercial. â€Å"earned a reputation for product† doesn’t fir [GL24]Not clear what and why? General remarks: The sources should be added The way we do it is like this[1] Also, since there are now sources, I cannot check how valid are your points It is always better to talk about the movement rather than static: E.g. the point with loans. Less loans, more loans than in 2012 (2011, 2012)? What is the trend, and this trend is the result of what? (not just 2013) With agricultural land. Increasing? Decreasing? The trend. Hard to understand the main story (and I think it is more related to the loans, and cutting of subsidies than with rich harvest) I am also adding the competitive landscape from last year, so you can finish the company you didn’t know. Headlines Market for agricultural and forestry machinery grows 15% in 2013 due to increasing capacities of domestic and main import/export partner USA farms and consequently high farm incomes that encourage farmers to invest in agriculture machinery.[G1] Industry increasingly concentrated, with top 5 companies: Buhler Industries Inc., John Deere Ltd., CNH Canada Ltd., Bourgault Industries Ltd., La Coop Purdel increasing their revenue Government gives loans and insurance incentivise farmers to buy new equipment or update old machines[GL2] Domestic market grows slightly more than sales over 2013, mainly due to cost savings arising from adoption of innovative technologies[GL3] Maybe a point about cutting government subsidies Loans Something from production, like innovation trend or demand abroad for Canadien machinery ( I still didn’t get why exactly is the Canadian machinery demanded) Industry set to see 3% turnover growth in 2014 due to accelerating mechanisation and adoption of precision farming in agriculture, coupled with strong USA demand for Canadian-made machinery Market Trends The Canadas market for agricultural and forestry machinery was valued C$5.4 billion in 2013, up by astounding 15% from 2012. Year-on-year [G4]market growth was mainly attributed to the agriculture industry and its growing automation, while increasing application of innovative products such as precision farming equipment also had a positive impact. Farms sought to increase production capacity and capture the benefits of high revenue coming from high crop prices. [G5]Furthermore, major what? trends in Canada and other high-income countries included a reduction in the number but growth in the size of farms[G6], which fuelled demand for sophisticated agricultural equipment. Farm size in Canada is growing similar to other high 0 income countries, which fuels demand for sophisticated agricultural machinery. The agriculture industry was main buyer of agricultural and forestry machinery in 2013, including both purchases for investment and business purposes. There were around 200 000 farms operating in Canada in 2013, with more than 51 million hectares of agricultural land classified as dependable agricultural land [GL7]. An excellent 2013 key grains such as and oilseeds harvest in Canada was a main contributor for strong which sector performance. Consequently, net farm incomes in 2013 were as high as in 2012 , fuelling investment in capacity expansion, which led to 12% growth of agriculture sector spending for investment and business purposes. High agriculture revenue and consequent spending on agricultural and forestry machinery was a result of several key factors. Primarily, favourable weather conditions , translated in record 2013 crop production and allowed farmers to capitalise on higher crop prices, which remained high till the end of the year. In addition to that, although the number of farms in Canada is steadily falling since 2006 (taking in to perspective from 2006 to 2011 it fell 10.3% or by 24 thousand farms), they are getting bigger, which resulted in economies of scale and capital concentration. This naturally allowed greater spending on state-of-the-art agricultural equipment, adoption of precision farming, the use of new technologies to optimize agricultural yields and reduce costs. Precision farming employs innovations such as global positioning systems for vehicle and row tracking that allow farmers to use previous yield information and soil resistivity data to minimise planting overlaps.[G8] Farm credit approved 47 046 new loans in 2012-13, with average size of loan approved rising to C$162.406, giving farmers incentive to acquire new equipment. [GL9] However federal program payments, which include primarily payments made directly to agricultural sector? producers, were set to decrease from C$1.3 billion in 2012, to C$1.2 billion in 2013 and during the same 2 year period, provincial program payments were also set to decrease from C$ 1.6 to C$1.5 billion[G10]. In 2013 majority over 59% of domestic market demand was accounted for by foreign producers. Primarily from USA , which claimed 70% of all domestic market demand. [G11]Innovative technological advancements related to precision farming equipment, new advanced agriculture tractors and soil preparation machinery, backed by geographic proximity and NAFTA membership, allowed USA to remain Canadas most import partner in agricultural machinery. Meanwhile, second Canadas foreign supplier Germany, managed to increase its market share from 8% in 2012 to 9% in 2013. This can be attributed to record high farm incomes in Canada and farmers, who valued Germanys reputation as a producer of high-end agricultural machinery. This fostered demand for made-in-Germany machinery. [G12] Agricultural tractors were most demanded machinery in the market, accounting for 34% of the demand in 2013, increasing from C$1.6 billion in 2012 to C$1.8 billion by 10%, while harvesting and threshing machinery increased by 13% from C$1.3 to C$1.4 billion, which respectively accounted 26% of the demand in 2013. This increase of demand for the machinery can be explained by excellent 2012 year for farmers, who were able accumulate profit and bright expectations, that in 2013 grain production increase to 97 million tonnes, compared to 77 million tonnes, encourage farmers to plan ahead and to invest in new agricultural tractors, harvesting and threshing machine